There are four types of channels on enterprise technology spillovers: Model and replication effects, competition effects, the associated effects, human capital flows.

外商企业技术外溢有四类渠道：示范和模仿效应、竞争效应、联系效应、人力资本流动。

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Short-term effects include the disturbances directly associated with the action of the pest, which may cause the defoliation, loss of vigor, or death of trees.

短期影响包括与害虫活动直接相关的干扰，可能导致树木落叶、失去活力或死亡。

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What if we discovered that most of the negative side effects associated with aging where actually due to something else?

如果你发现大部分衰老所带来的负面影响，实际上是由其他因素引起的？

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"And so it's possible that the effects that we have reported may be a conservative estimate, and that the odds of survival associated with high-quality relationships may actually be larger."

VOA: standard.2010.07.29

It is hoped that gene therapy will have fewer associated side effects by targeting cancer cells.

BBC: Nano-treatment to torpedo cancer

He assured people that there no known long-term effects associated with this level of silica exposure.

BBC: Mount St Helens spews out steam and ash on 5 October 2004

However, they did not experience the significant side effects associated with chemotherapy, including nausea, anemia, fatigue and serious infections.

ENGADGET: Portable brain tumor treatment system kills cancer while you take out the trash